Physical education in China is doing more for sustainable development than many might expect—but not enough. CUPEST new exploratory study examining 34 PE teachers across primary, middle and high schools in Changsha finds strong alignment with the United Nations' health and education goals, yet a striking absence of environmental and socio-economic sustainability themes. Through interviews and lesson observations, researchers reveal a system philosophically committed to lifelong wellbeing, but structurally constrained by exam pressures and limited curricular clarity.

The findings matter because education is central to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). PE holds unique potential to support health, equity, civic responsibility and environmental awareness. But if sustainability is interpreted narrowly as fitness performance, its transformative potential is reduced.

Teachers consistently described PE as a pathway to lifelong health and psychological wellbeing, closely reflecting SDG 3. Many also emphasised engagement, enjoyment and character development in line with SDG 4's quality education agenda. However, observed lessons frequently prioritised exam preparation and repetitive fitness drills, particularly in older grades, narrowing broader learning opportunities.

Inclusive intentions aligned with SDG 10 were evident, yet large class sizes and facility constraints limited equitable practice. Gender presented a nuanced picture: while some teachers’ language reflected stereotypes, classroom observations showed broadly equal participation.

Notably, there was almost no engagement with SDGs related to climate action, responsible consumption, economic  development or civic institutions, revealing what the authors describe as sustainability's "missing pillars" within Chinese PE .

The study concludes that without clearer policy guidance and targeted professional development, PE risks reinforcing a health-only version of sustainability rather than embracing its full ecological and civic dimensions.

Editor: Bashir Mehvish

First-Round Review Editor: Guo Enkai

Second-Round Review Editor: Peng Xiyang